5^th International Conference on Antibiotics & Antibiotic Resistance May 30-31, 2019 Orlando, Florida, USA

Francisco Veiga has completed his PhD at the age of 30years from Coimbra University. He is the dean of Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra. He has published more than 200 papers in reputed journals

Statement of the Problem: Are polymeric mixed micelles (Pluronic® F68 and P123) efficient to encapsulate meloxicam and to deliver it by the oral route? Orientation: Morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Micellar dispersions were placed on Formvar and allowed to dry for 5min. To unveil the usefulness of such formulations concerning physical stability, formulations FM1-FM5 and meloxicam were dissolved in the enteric and gastric medium. After 1 and 2h, we quantified meloxicam in gastric medium and after 3 and 4h, we quantified meloxicam in the enteric medium. Quantification was performed using a UV spectrophotometer and absorbance was taken at 363 nm. To determine encapsulation efficiency (EE), FM1-FM5 were quantified immediately after preparation. Later on, micellar suspensions were centrifuged at 3000g for 15min using Amicon® Ultra 4 Centrifugal filter units, the supernatant was assayed for meloxicam. Cytotoxicity of formulations was assessed in Caco-2 cells by alamarBlue assay, performing screening of crescent concentrations (0.625%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10 %) for each formulation. Findings: Spherical and small sizing micelles were obtained and all formulations significantly increased meloxicam physical stability in enteric medium (meloxicam: 3h 62.563%, 4h 35.890; FM1, FM2, FM3, FM4, FM5: 100%) In gastric medium, despite FM2 and FM3 showed the best results (meloxicam: 1h 1.59%, 2h 1.54%; FM2: 1h 80.339%, 2h 66.281%; FM3: 1h 75.397%, 2h 61.260), all the other formulations showed a significant increase in instability. With the exception of FM1, all formulations demonstrate high EE % (FM1: 35.544±3.919, FM2: 93.162±1.071, FM3: 90.663±1.805, FM4: 89.840±1.991, FM5: 86.607±2.134). FM3 revealed no cytotoxicity in concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 5% while for FM2 no cytotoxicity was found within 0.625 to 2.5% range. Significance: FM2 and FM3 seem to be promising formulations to efficiently encapsulate drugs with low water solubility, as meloxicam.

Ana Isa Perez has experience in analytical chemistry and in specific areas of health. Her beginnings were with her thesis of degree related to the determination of metals in human hair using the technique of atomic absorption with electro thermal detection and after several years researching with optical analysis techniques, she experimented with the electroanalytical techniques in the determination of drugs, in specific with antivirals, finding new alternative, easy and economical methodologies for the quantification. She also has experience in addition to research, in the teaching of analytical chemistry in institutions of international prestige, in her country of origin and in her current country of residence.

There is a significant number of pharmacologically active substances, which have an asymmetric carbon in their structure. Due to the difficulties of separating the enantiomers these drugs are marketed as racemic mixtures although it is known that different enantiomers may possess different activities. The need to develop new alternatives capable of solving these problems has aroused the interest of the scientific community. Sotalol hydrochloride, antiarrhythmic and beta blocker is an example of one of these substances. This medicinal product is administered to patients in the form of a racemate but its R (-) sotalol isomer is known to be approximately 50 times more active than sotalol S (+). In this work, a method has been developed for the determination of the racemic mixture using the differential pulse voltammetric technique having as working electrode, a modified electrode with magnetic nanoparticles (GECE). In this procedure, the sotalol is preconcentrated on the GECE surface and determined in a phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0. The voltages obtained with the use of this electrode compared to the electrode without modification showed anodic currents at least 5 times higher. The sensor developed stable and selective sensitive responses for determination of sotalol in the racemic mixture, which allowed a detection limit of 1.5x10-8mol L-1 and linearity between 0.2 and 12x10-6mol L-1. The methodology developed was optimized and presented excellent results in commercial tablets and urine. The GECE presented sensitive, stable and selective responses for the determination of sotalol in its separate enantiomeric forms using the VDP technique and provided for the formation of a tetrahedral coordination complex with Zn (II). In the preliminary evaluations, an acceptable limit of detection and limit of determination was obtained.

Venugopal Jayapal is a Professor in the Department of Microbiology at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, India.

The leaves of Ocimum sanctum were hydro distilled in the Clevenger apparatus and the extracted Ocimum sanctum L. essential oil was investigated for its antibacterial effects by three methods. Minimal bactericidal concentration method showed that the 17 bacteria tested were killed by different concentrations of Ocimum sanctum essential oil. Klebsiella pneumoniae was killed by 2.81% concentration of Ocimum sanctum essential oil. Salmonella typhimurium, Burkholderia cepacia, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Coagulasenegative Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae were killed by 5.62% Ocimum sanctum essential oil. Acinetobacter baumannii, Shigella boydii, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA and Enterococcus faecalis were killed by 11.25% Ocimum sanctum essential oil. Disc diffusion method showed that the growths of 18 bacteria were inhibited by undiluted Ocimum sanctum essential oil. 4 bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) showed the lesser diameter of growth inhibition (from 6.5 to 8mm), whereas other 14 bacteria showed growth inhibition diameters from 10 to 14mm. Undiluted Ocimum sanctum essential oil inhibited the growth of 3 (MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae) out of 18 bacteria by gaseous contact exposure method. The Gas Chromatogram-Mass Spectrum analysis of the Ocimum sanctum essential oil revealed the presence of 19 components and the major components were eugenol, caryophyllene oxide, and isoaromadendrene epoxide.

Waad Ahmed Aljohani international student from Saudi Arabia has acquired her B.Sc. in Microbiology in King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia 2015. Currently, she is a full-time master student at the School of Department of Biological Sciences at Michigan Technological University. Her master project involves identification about the risk for development of biocide resistance, which may lead to antibiotic resistance. Her research interest includes the rational use of a biocide.

Increased antibiotic resistance can be associated with biocide resistance. Biocides are antimicrobial compounds that are designed to kill diverse groups of microbes in a more generic fashion. Glutaraldehyde and DBNPA are commonly used to manage microbial growth in different industries, which may result in the development of bacterial resistance. However, resistance to DBNPA is believed to underlie normal use conditions. We isolated a number of bacteria from produced water from a hydraulically fractured site in West Texas. We then tested the ability of these isolates to resist to glutaraldehyde and DBNPA. In this study, we found that these isolates have varying resilience. Our results indicate the resistance of biocides occurs as the cells are exposed to the biocide over time. There are less resistant cells after the first hour of biocide exposure. After twenty-four hours, the results obtained showed that cells were able to be recovered from higher concentrations of biocides. Many bacteria that are resistant to biocides can also be resistant to antibiotics. We determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline, ampicillin, and streptomycin. We found that that the resistance profiles for these isolates varied. To determine the genetic mechanism for biocide and antibiotic resistance we sequenced the genomes of several of these isolates. Genomes were sequenced using Illumina sequencing. Raw reads were quality filtered, assembled using SPAdes, and annotated using RAST. Antimicrobial resistance genes were identified for each of these isolates. We are testing the relationship between the presence of antibiotic resistance genes and the antimicrobial resistance profiles. From this work, we conclude that with increased use of biocides in diverse industries there is an increased risk for development of biocide resistance, which may lead to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is important to better understand the prevalence and genetic basis for biocide resistance.

Nid’a Alshraiedeh has done her Ph.D. in pharmaceutical microbiology at Queen’s University, Belfast. She has an expertise in APNTP and antimicrobial resistance. Currently, she is Assistant Professor at school of pharmacy, JUST. She worked as Assistant Dean at JUST Nanotechnology Institute for 2 years. She has 4 projects running: 1st cystic fibrosis pathogens and antimicrobial resistance among the isolated pathogens. 2nd project is about using nonpathogenic microorganisms as nanorobots for drug delivery, the 3rd project is about use of APNTP for control of pathogens and the 4th is related to the antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanostructures. Her Ph.D. was mainly on APNTP and after finding promising results, she is still interested in research in this field and planning to do further research.

Introduction: The highly increased risk of hospitalacquired infections due to biofilm formation has attracted much attention recently. It has been reported that biofilm develops resistance 10-fold to 1000-fold higher than planktonic cells. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the impact of APNTP on antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Methodology: kHz plasma jet is operated using helium (99.5%) and oxygen (0.5%) gas admixture. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm was grown using Calgary Biofilm Device and exposed to APNTP for 1 and 2 minutes then exposed for 24hours for different concentrations of chlorhexidine to calculate minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). Viable Colony counts were performed to further study the combined effect of APNTP and chlorhexidine. Finding: APNTP subtherapeutic treatment for 1 and 2 minutes reduced MBEC for chlorhexidine from 500mcg/ml for untreated biofilm to 250 (two-fold reduction) for 1-minute APNTP pretreated biofilm and to 125mcg/ml (four-fold reduction) for 2 minutes pretreated biofilm. In order to confirm if the interaction between APNTP and chlorhexidine is synergistic or additive, the viable count was determined. 1.9 log reduction was achieved after biofilm exposure to 62.5mcg/ml of chlorhexidine only and reduction increased to 5.4 logs for 2 minutes APNTP pre-exposed biofilms. A similar combinatorial effect was observed when biofilms were treated with 125mcg/ml chlorhexidine. Conclusion: In conclusion, pretreatment of biofilm with APNTP can have a significant impact on the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm to chlorhexidine. This study is promising for the possibility of using sub-optimal exposures of APNTP as adjuvant topical therapy with antimicrobial agents.